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Attract Women Like a Secret Agent

Sniffing Out Human Sex Pheromones

by Rick Weiss, Washington Post Staff Writer

Scientists Find Proof of 'Chemistry' Between People

Scientists have found long-sought proof that people release potent chemical signals that can have profound effects on other people.

The research settles a 40-year debate about whether humans produce and can respond to “pheromones,” molecules that are usually airborne and odorless and which, in other species, influence such physiological processes and behaviors as mate choice, the recognition of one’s own family members, and the ability to “smell” the difference between friend and foe.

Specifically, the new research shows that women’s underarm odors can alter the timing of other women’s reproductive cycles. It explains why women who live together often develop synchronous menstrual periods, and could spur development of “natural” fertility drugs or contraceptives.

The finding may also lead to the discovery of compounds in sweat that could be incorporated into fragrances to alter body chemistry or mood.

“This is definitely going to make people sit up and take notice,” said Charles J. Wysocki of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. Previous studies by scientists at Monell and elsewhere showed similar results but later were recognized as flawed. The new work, Wysocki said, seems to answer the question for good.

“The evidence has now become quite strong that humans produce and detect pheromones,” agreed Edward W. Johnson of Idaho State University in Pocatello.

The discovery was especially gratifying to Martha K. McClintock, the University of Chicago researcher who, with colleague Kathleen Stern, describes the work in today’s issue of the journal Nature. As an undergraduate almost 30 years ago, McClintock observed that many women in her dormitory menstruated in synchrony.

For decades McClintock immersed herself in the task of identifying the timing mechanism. She and others suspected pheromones, but proof was hard to come by.

Pheromones have been documented in many species, ranging from insects to elephants, as sex attractants, kinship identifiers or alarm signals. In many species they are detected by a specialized organ inside the nose or mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or VNO.

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There was ample evidence that human pheromones exist; babies show a clear preference for pieces of clothing that have been worn by their own mothers, for example, and research suggests that men and women choose their mates in part by sniffing out partners with compatible immune systems. Several years ago, researchers in Utah even said they had identified the first human pheromones — and turned their discovery into a line of perfumes that today boasts revenue of $40 million a year.

But the Utah work has been criticized by many experts. And the Monell work, on menstrual cycles, did not take into consideration the fact that many out-of-phase cycles will naturally converge over time.

Moreover, scientists have remained uncertain whether the human VNO, a pair of tiny pits in the nose, is a functional organ or an evolutionary vestige.

To find out if human pheromones exist and can affect menstrual timing, McClintock and Stern asked nine women to wear gauze pads under their armpits all day. (Sweat is a common source of pheromones in mammals.) The pads, changed daily, were cut into pieces and frozen, and a daily tally was kept of each woman’s menstrual phase.

Then, every day for four months, the researchers rubbed thawed gauze pads above the upper lips of 20 volunteer women who had agreed to have any of 30 different “natural essences” rubbed under their noses. “Sweat” was among the 30. “We buried it in the list,” McClintock said.

For two months, 10 women sniffed sweat from women in the early phase of their menstrual cycle, while the other 10 sniffed sweat from women in a later phase of their cycle. Then the groups switched and spent two months getting the opposite scent.

The women smelled nothing, but the results were striking: Those exposed to “early phase” sweat saw their own cycles shortened by an average of 1.7 days per month, and as much as 14 days a month. Those who sniffed “later phase” sweat saw their cycles lengthened by an average of 1.4 days a month, and up to 12 days a month.

Computer models indicated there must be two substances in the sweat — one that lengthens cycles and one that shortens them — and that together they can quickly lead to groups of women having synchronous periods.

“This carefully controlled study clearly shows, for the first time, that the potential for chemical communication involving sexual function has been preserved in humans during evolution,” wrote Aron Weller, of Israel’s Bar-Ilan University, in a commentary in Nature.

McClintock emphasized the word “potential,” since the experiment does not prove these signals work under normal conditions, such as across a room.

“We put it on the upper lip,” McClintock said, “so really we know absolutely nothing about where it is acting, whether it’s through the skin, the mucus membranes in the nose or the VNO.” Nonetheless, practical uses could follow.

“The whole point would be to see what the compounds are and how do they act and what is their natural route and see whether we could develop a highly efficient ovarian modulator,” McClintock said. A drug that constantly delays ovulation could serve as a contraceptive, while one that prompts ovulation might cure some kinds of infertility.

Linda Buck of Harvard University, who studies the molecular genetics of smell, said she has been unable to find functioning VNO genes in people. But some animals detect pheromones with their normal nasal cells, she said, and humans may too.

If pheromones have a big effect on human physiology, people may want to rethink their heavy use of soaps and perfumes: It may be, Buck speculated, that the constant washing away or covering up of these sweaty social signals account for some of the loneliness or depression in modern society.

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Science of Seduction

A neuroscientist believes a little-known cranial nerve may be the secret to lust, and evidence suggests it may be the conduit for sex pheromones…

A neuroscientist believes a little-known cranial nerve may be the secret to lust, and evidence suggests it may be the conduit for sex pheromones…

Ted James and Lysa Grant hit it off immediately when they met at a study group for a psychology class. The two students at New York University knew something was special, and four years later they are now engaged.

James, 24, vividly remembers the first thing he noticed about Grant. “I just loved her smile,” he said.

For Grant, the connection was more cerebral. “I could see he was really smart,” she said. “That was a turn-on.”

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But according to R. Douglas Fields, neither intelligence nor charm had much to do with their mutual attraction.

Rather, a little-known cranial nerve brought them together, he believes. Few neuroscientists are even aware that this so-called nerve zero exists, but Fields, an adjunct professor of neuroscience at the University of Maryland believes it may be the key to lust.

His theory is that nerve zero transmits sex pheromones to the brain. The pheromones are chemicals that one member of a species emits that trigger an innate behavioral response in another member of the same species. They are generally detected by the sense of smell.

The notion that smell is important to the sexual drive of animals has long been established, but nerve zero may be the “missing link” that confirms that human beings rely on pheromones, Fields says.

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“Human behaviors are much more complex than other animals, but there are several studies showing that the sense of smell does affect sexual behavior in people,” Fields said. “And here is a nerve that connects the nose to the part of the brain involved in sexual reproduction, which helps prove it.”

Pheromones were first discovered in insects in 1959, and later studies suggested that they also induced sexual reactions in people. In 1995, for example, Claus Wedekind, a researcher at the University of Bern in Switzerland, asked a group of women to smell T-shirts worn by men they did not know.

They discovered that women preferred the smell of men who had different immune systems from their own, which would enhance the likelihood that they would have healthy children.

Such theories are controversial, if for no other reason than they lack hard scientific evidence. Fields faces a number of obstacles in convincing others of his theory.

Besides the debate over whether sex pheromones even exist, few people in the field know about nerve zero. The nerve was discovered in the human brain in 1913, well after the other 12 cranial nerves.

With its dominant position at the top of the brain, researchers called it nerve zero rather than rename all the others.

Being so thin, this obscure nerve is usually overlooked in medical research as it is often stripped away when the brain is exposed for dissection.

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For this reason, nerve zero doesn’t appear in most neuroscience textbooks or medical brain maps.

“What is that?” said Dr. Carol L. Colby, an associate professor of neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, when asked about nerve zero. “

I’ve never heard of it.”

For those who know about nerve zero, its function has long been debated. Some scientists believe that it is a branch of theolfactory nerves or that it has lost its purpose over time and now has no use, much like the appendix.

For that reason, the jury is still out in Fields’ theory, said Michael Meredith, co-director of the neuroscience program at Florida State University.

“I don’t know that there is good evidence of that,” he said. “There are a lot of ifs, ands and buts. It’s prevalent in all vertebrates, which suggests that it does have a function, but we don’t know that it has an adult function.”

But Fields insists evidence is stacking up that the sense of smell affects one’s choice of sexual partner and that nerve zero is the conduit.

He points to a 1987 study on hamsters by Celeste Wirsig, then a postdoctoral fellow at Baylor University.

The rodents failed to mate after their nerve zeros were severed. Since the nerve systems of hamsters and humans are similar, it stands to reason, Fields says, that nerve zero has the same purpose.

“You take those facts and form a hypothesis, and that’s exactly where we are,” he said.

The thought that they might be together because they “smell right” makes James and Grant a little uncomfortable, although they accept that it’s possible. Even if scent is what got them started, James believes love is much more complicated than a pleasing aroma.

“She’s my soul mate,” he said about his fiancee. “No whiff of sweat is going to make me feel the way I feel about her.”

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Hot Tips | Sexual Attraction is Chemistry

This is first in our new YouTube series of “Hot Tips” to use with with Phermax Pheromones. Ask a question in the comments box below and “Hot Tips” will answer with a video made just for you! Enjoy…

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