Pheromone Testimonials
Phermax Pheromones Gave Me My Balls Back!
At 35, I thought my best player years were behind me. Messy divorce bla bla bla. After being married for 12 years, I kinda forgot how to meet women. I missed my ex wife bigtime but she was way over me. She left me for a guy that is 28 years old! He still rides a skateboard! Yikes! That one put my self esteem right in the toilet.
Anyway, my friend turned me on to phermax. Guess what, it works! Now I’m dating a beautiful 24 year old girl. When I see my ex wife (we have two kids together), she looks like a Mom. Not that thats a bad thing, but she really did me a favor by dumping me. A few weeks ago she started crying and telling me how much she still loves me and what an a-hole her boyfriend is and how she wants me back. How lame is that. My hot new girlfriend is studying for finals at nursing school. No more mini-vans for me. Thanks phermax for giving me my balls back;) 
Attract Women Like a Secret Agent
Sniffing Out Human Sex Pheromones
by Rick Weiss, Washington Post Staff Writer
Scientists Find Proof of 'Chemistry' Between People
Scientists have found long-sought proof that people release potent chemical signals that can have profound effects on other people.
The research settles a 40-year debate about whether humans produce and can respond to “pheromones,” molecules that are usually airborne and odorless and which, in other species, influence such physiological processes and behaviors as mate choice, the recognition of one’s own family members, and the ability to “smell” the difference between friend and foe.
Specifically, the new research shows that women’s underarm odors can alter the timing of other women’s reproductive cycles. It explains why women who live together often develop synchronous menstrual periods, and could spur development of “natural” fertility drugs or contraceptives.
The finding may also lead to the discovery of compounds in sweat that could be incorporated into fragrances to alter body chemistry or mood.
“This is definitely going to make people sit up and take notice,” said Charles J. Wysocki of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia. Previous studies by scientists at Monell and elsewhere showed similar results but later were recognized as flawed. The new work, Wysocki said, seems to answer the question for good.
“The evidence has now become quite strong that humans produce and detect pheromones,” agreed Edward W. Johnson of Idaho State University in Pocatello.
The discovery was especially gratifying to Martha K. McClintock, the University of Chicago researcher who, with colleague Kathleen Stern, describes the work in today’s issue of the journal Nature. As an undergraduate almost 30 years ago, McClintock observed that many women in her dormitory menstruated in synchrony.
For decades McClintock immersed herself in the task of identifying the timing mechanism. She and others suspected pheromones, but proof was hard to come by.
Pheromones have been documented in many species, ranging from insects to elephants, as sex attractants, kinship identifiers or alarm signals. In many species they are detected by a specialized organ inside the nose or mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or VNO.
Phermax Pheromones Gives You the Edge!
There was ample evidence that human pheromones exist; babies show a clear preference for pieces of clothing that have been worn by their own mothers, for example, and research suggests that men and women choose their mates in part by sniffing out partners with compatible immune systems. Several years ago, researchers in Utah even said they had identified the first human pheromones — and turned their discovery into a line of perfumes that today boasts revenue of $40 million a year.
But the Utah work has been criticized by many experts. And the Monell work, on menstrual cycles, did not take into consideration the fact that many out-of-phase cycles will naturally converge over time.
Moreover, scientists have remained uncertain whether the human VNO, a pair of tiny pits in the nose, is a functional organ or an evolutionary vestige.
To find out if human pheromones exist and can affect menstrual timing, McClintock and Stern asked nine women to wear gauze pads under their armpits all day. (Sweat is a common source of pheromones in mammals.) The pads, changed daily, were cut into pieces and frozen, and a daily tally was kept of each woman’s menstrual phase.
Then, every day for four months, the researchers rubbed thawed gauze pads above the upper lips of 20 volunteer women who had agreed to have any of 30 different “natural essences” rubbed under their noses. “Sweat” was among the 30. “We buried it in the list,” McClintock said.
For two months, 10 women sniffed sweat from women in the early phase of their menstrual cycle, while the other 10 sniffed sweat from women in a later phase of their cycle. Then the groups switched and spent two months getting the opposite scent.
The women smelled nothing, but the results were striking: Those exposed to “early phase” sweat saw their own cycles shortened by an average of 1.7 days per month, and as much as 14 days a month. Those who sniffed “later phase” sweat saw their cycles lengthened by an average of 1.4 days a month, and up to 12 days a month.
Computer models indicated there must be two substances in the sweat — one that lengthens cycles and one that shortens them — and that together they can quickly lead to groups of women having synchronous periods.
“This carefully controlled study clearly shows, for the first time, that the potential for chemical communication involving sexual function has been preserved in humans during evolution,” wrote Aron Weller, of Israel’s Bar-Ilan University, in a commentary in Nature.
McClintock emphasized the word “potential,” since the experiment does not prove these signals work under normal conditions, such as across a room.
“We put it on the upper lip,” McClintock said, “so really we know absolutely nothing about where it is acting, whether it’s through the skin, the mucus membranes in the nose or the VNO.” Nonetheless, practical uses could follow.
“The whole point would be to see what the compounds are and how do they act and what is their natural route and see whether we could develop a highly efficient ovarian modulator,” McClintock said. A drug that constantly delays ovulation could serve as a contraceptive, while one that prompts ovulation might cure some kinds of infertility.
Linda Buck of Harvard University, who studies the molecular genetics of smell, said she has been unable to find functioning VNO genes in people. But some animals detect pheromones with their normal nasal cells, she said, and humans may too.
If pheromones have a big effect on human physiology, people may want to rethink their heavy use of soaps and perfumes: It may be, Buck speculated, that the constant washing away or covering up of these sweaty social signals account for some of the loneliness or depression in modern society.
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The Science of Attraction
Poets have swooned over it since the invention of the written word; singers started crooning about it even before that time. It is a central theme in our daily lives, from the books we read to the people who make our hearts beat a little faster. It’s what “makes the world go ’round.” Love as we know it, however, remains an intangible feeling. No definitive method exists to calculate or predict to whom we will be attracted. For the most part, attraction remains an unsolved mystery–until now. From the same discipline that brought the mysteries of genetic inheritance into the realm of understanding, science has begun to tackle a new question: what causes attraction.
Recent experiments involving everything from sweaty T-shirts to facial symmetry have started to piece together some of the clues to this enormously complex phenomenon. Not surprisingly, the unifying theme behind all of this new information is one common to biology: evolutionary fitness. “Judging beauty has a strong evolutionary component. You’re looking at another person and figuring out whether you want your children to carry that person’s genes,” says Devendra Singh, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas.
The scientific properties of attraction (to whatever extent they are involved) can be explained by the simple will to produce viable offspring, also know as healthy kids. Beyond this underlying principle of attraction, one begins to wonder how, and on what level, one can judge the fitness of another person. Certainly, a person smitten for the first time at a bar doesn’t ask for a genetic sequence and specifics about that special someone’s immune system before approaching him or her. Yet some of that information is received and interpreted at a sub-conscious level, yielding all of the necessary information to trigger attraction without any expensive tests.
The study of attraction has so far identified two main ways in which fitness information can be encoded from one person to another: pheromones and body form. Scientists have known for quite some time that pheromones (chemically-secreted, odorless, airborne molecules) can trigger large sexual responses in non-human animals, but up until recently they had assumed that humans had lost the ability to use this “sixth sense.” In 1985, researchers at the University of Colorado found vomeronasal organs (VNOs, organs that receives pheromone molecules) in human nostrils. Coincidentally, VNOs connect directly to a part of the brain responsible for basic drives and emotions. Shortly thereafter, the VNO was correlated to brain activity, causing a sudden surge in pheromone research.
Now, “pheromone” has become a biological buzzword for the nineties. One of the first and most famous experiments on the science of attraction asked women to rate intensity, pleasantness, and sexiness based on men’s sweaty T-shirts. Claus Wedekind of the Zoological Institute at Bern University in Switzerland wanted to see if women could differentiate between men with similar and dissimilar immune systems. Dr. Wedekind believed that women, using pheromones as signals, would rate T-shirts from men with dissimilar immune systems higher on all three counts, thus making the likelihood of genetically diverse, healthy offspring greater. He found that “women… who are dissimilar to a particular male’s MHC [immune system markers of identity] perceive his odor as more pleasant than women whose MHC is more similar to that of the test man.” Further evidence that pheromones might play a role in attraction was found by Dr. Carole Ober of the University of Chicago’s Department of Human Genetics. Her group took DNA samples from an isolated religious group called the Hutterites.
This group from South Dakota marries among themselves and tends
to have large families. The Hutterites descend from 64 European immigrants and thus have a similar genetic make-up, including immune system types. The University of Chicago group examined the haplotype matches of MHC immune system markers for couples. Random pairings in the colony, based on genetic data generated by a computer simulation, were compared to the colonies’ actual couples. The simulation predicted many more haplotype-matched couples (identical immune systems) than were actually found in the Hutterites. Dr. Ober’s explanation? She believes that pheromones could have prevented couples with identical immune systems from being attracted to each other.
Beyond pheromones, many scientists believe that body form, especially symmetry, conveys a sub-conscious message of fitness and initiates attraction. The theory goes that asymmetrical phenotypic features give clues to underlying genetic problems, thus yielding less viable offspring. One paper published in 1994 explains that symmetry is used “as a means of ascertaining the stress susceptibility of developmental regulatory mechanisms.”4 In other words, organisms that maintain symmetrical features under environmental stresses also maintain healthy, unaffected genomes. Symmetry is simply a way for an organism, including a human, to advertise that genetic fitness. Numerous studies of symmetry in humans have shown that men especially are more attracted to women with symmetrical features. (One hypothesis suggests that women are not as concerned with symmetry because instead of breeding, they look for a mate that can provide food and protection for their offspring, i.e., money and power for humans.
In one recent study conducted by Randy Thornhill of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, college males found symmetrical female faces more attractive than asymmetrical faces. In addition, the symmetry-blessed women showed a history of more sexual partners and tended to lose their virginity at an earlier age. This same pattern for symmetry preference held true for both facial and non-facial characteristics in two additional studies. Besides symmetry, there are other subtle clues to fitness in the human body. Society has often propelled the “hour-glass figure” as a model for all women to strive for, and with good reason. Even this seemingly obvious attracting trait has a biological basis. Studies have shown that men are most attracted to women with a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7. A group of researchers at the University of Texas at Austin decided to compare that number to the average ratio of winners of the Miss America pageant and found that the two numbers were identical. The specific 0.7 ratio suggests a woman’s fitness and ability to bear children (younger girls lack the curves while older women tend to develop more fat around their waist). Surprising to some, the attractiveness of women with a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 holds true over a range of weights.
Not everyone is convinced that pheromones and body form control attraction. One skeptic of the idea of pheromone influence, a biologist at Arizona State University, says, “I think mate choice is probably a lot more complicated, particularly in humans. Indeed, one must always take into consideration the role of free will in attraction. In addition, many researchers have suggested that pheromones and body form only get the proverbial foot in the door; from there, the course of the relationship is controlled by many other factors, both conscious and sub-conscious. But the question remains, why are we so fascinated with the science of attraction? Perhaps some are tantalized by the idea of being able to quantify a previously mysterious subject. The idea of identifying love by free-floating molecules and symmetrical features is a radical, if not a scary, way of understanding one of the greatest human mysteries. Others may simply be looking for a date. Even though the science of attraction is still much debated, you never know: Falling in Love, a new pheromone perfume that runs about $60 for one tenth of an ounce, might be worth the extra cost to attract that future special someone.
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Another Nite in Pheromone Paradise…
Yup, It’s official, I can’t leave the house without women being attracted to me!
Pheromones have changed my life from “lack-luster” to “Block-Buster”
I can’t even remember what my pre-pheromone life was like…
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First rule in attracting women
The first rule in attracting women is…
1. Wear pheromones!!!
They work and that is a fact. Use any you like but Phermax Pheromones work. I know this from personal experience. I have tried them all and Phermax works the best. They are true human sex attractors.
Here is a true personal story…
My first experience with Phermax was the version for men. I didn’t know this at the time but I had gone to the grocery store and applied Phermax for men instead of women. As I was walking around the store a woman asked me how to pick a good watermelon. I thought she was trying to be friendly or just needed information. Soon I realized this was a pick up line! She was using the grocery store fruit section to pick up women. Graciously giving her good thumping tips… for the watermelon… I excused myself.
Not thinking much about it… I went to the check out line. I could feel the stares at the back of my head. This beautiful, Casanova of a woman was staring a hole through me. I checked myself for toilet paper on my shoe, panties tucked in my skirt or something on my face. Nothing. Was she with a guy? Was she jealous? No! she was trying to pick me up.
Finally, as I put my groceries in my car, this woman approaches me from across the parking lot to ask for my phone number. I couldn’t believe how bold these women were being. Was it something I was doing? Was I flirting and not knowing it? Once again NO! It was the pheromones. Phermax Pheromones to be exact!
I didn’t do anything different to my hair or makeup or attitude even. Simple as that! Phermax! Use it and let me know what happens to you.
XOXO,
Jessie
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Do Pheromones Work? Look at what Real People are saying
There may be lots of reasons why your natural pheromones zones aren’t making it out into the wild, (over washing, strong soaps, genetics, etc) what ever the reason, Phermax Ultra Concentrated Pheromones will do the trick every time and get you back in the game…
Read these testimonials, and decide for yourself if we’ve accomplished our goal! These are ACTUAL CUSTOMER TETIMONIALS – not fiction written by a programmer! These folks were HAPPY to let us use their names !
“From the standpoint of a Organic Steroid Chemist, I commend your products in both strength and quality. In January of 2003, we tested eleven products claiming to contain pheromones and though some others did contain low levels of steroid pheromones, we found that the one we purchased from your company (Phermax – Men’s Version) was the ONLY one out of the eleven sample products that contained the concentration claimed on the package. My team and I now actively endorse and promote your product line.” – Dr. Martin
“I have searched all over the internet for the best deal around, and I gotta hand it to you guys – I haven’t seen ANY site that offers the concentrations you do at these prices. I have just placed an order – my buddies and I all go on Spring Break together, and after my boys saw how well this stuff worked last year, I ended up having to share a single bottle between five guys. This time I’m going prepared! I just wanted to thank you for an AWESOME time last year – we’re looking forward to doing it all over again this year!” – Jason, Baltimore, MD
“What a STEAL! I honestly still can’t belive what a deal you guys offer – Phermax will always be one of my favorite products just for the value alone, but the new Ultra Concentrated Phermax I ordered has literally changed my life! I can now honestly tell you that I have FINALLY met the woman of my dreams! Thank you all (especially Jessie in Customer Service) for all your help, and for offering a legitimate, honest product! “- Mark, Cedar Grove, NJ
“Absolutely fantastic product -this is undeniably the very best pheromone product available on the market today! Thank you so much – you have changed my life!” – Will, Brooklyn NY
“After chasing this girl for two months with no results, I asked her out again after applying your Pheromone, and I gotta tell you I was AMAZED – She said YES!” – Robert, Clearwater FL
“I’ve never seen so many different types of pheromone products on Internet lately! Your Pheromones are the most thoughtful product I have seen yet – and one of the only ones I’ve seen made with really attracting women in mind. It’s great to know that I can use this product and no one else knows! Thanks a million – it works great!” – Chris, Lancaster PA
“I just had to write to tell you how much your products have changed my life. I have been alone in my life for over five years, and have not had the best of luck attracting ‘romance’. I tried your Phermax Pheromones as an absolute last resort, but all I have now is regret for not having purchased it sooner! After just a few days of use, I began to notice that women were much more receptive to my advances, and as of last week I now have a girlfriend – for the first time in five years. Thank you so much for all your help with my questions and for offering this product at a price that I could afford. I have never been happier than I am now that I have someone to share my life with, and I owe a great debt to you for making this happen for me.” – Glen, Montgomery AL
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The Prince and the frog
I’m no Prince Charming but I’m not a frog either. It’s never been easy to find women that wanted anything to do with me beyond being friends. Let me tell you, I tried. I tried everything I could think of to get noticed. New clothes, working out… I even changed my hairstyle! But nothing worked. I felt like I was invisible. I knew if I could just get a girl to notice me, if I could just break the ice, they would see I was a nice guy. My buddy from France barely speaks English and takes a shower maybe one a week and he is scoring women left and right, what was his secret? What did he have that I didn’t? The ladies just would not give me the time of day. That is, until the day I discovered PHERMAX…
I was reading an article in the newspaper about a scientific breakthrough, which involved something called human sex pheromones. The article explained all about how these so called pheromones were now proven to attract the opposite sex!
I was a bit skeptical at first, but I figured I really had nothing to lose by trying it. So I jumped at the opportunity and gave it a shot. The very first time I used the PHARMAX Spary, I could not believe my eyes! Almost every woman I came into contact with smiled and actually initiated conversations. It was unbelievable. I felt like a ‘sex magnet’. Everywhere I went, I had babes checking me out, like I was a piece of meat. But I didn’t mind… I loved it!
But that’s not all! I’m happily involved with a gorgeous girlfriend who fulfills my every dream and desire. And I owe it all to PHERMAX.”
Look if you were anything like I was, I strongly advise you try PHERMAX. It changed my life and it will change yours too. It’s a 100% guaranteed to work or you get your money back.
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Mystery of Pheromones to Attract Solved…
Melissa Kaplan’s study on pheromones is an extraordinary exploration into the world of attraction and the role that pheromones play in that process. Pheromone Deficiency Syndrome (PDS) is finally being discovered as to why so many people are viewed as not attractive. Ms. Kaplan’s writings merge the scientific data with the fact that pheromones cause all kinds of amazing things to happen.
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Pheromones in Humans: Myth or Reality?
By Melissa Kaplan
Pheromones are volatile, odorous substances which are released by one animal and detected by another, causing some sort of physiological reaction. These reactions can manifest themselves in a variety of different ways: some pheromones modulate sexual activity, some affect aggression, some play roles in territory marking, and other pheromones have similarly diverse effects on the target animal. Pheromones have been demonstrated in a very large number of organisms ranging from amoebas to fish to mammals, including primates. However, the question of whether human olfactory signals exist has been a question of much debate and few definite conclusions. In this paper I will look at some possible examples of odor signaling in humans.
Mammals of all sorts use olfactory signals to indicate willingness to copulate, define territory, mark their young, and signal aggressive intent. These processes can be seen in many animals used as models for human systems, including rats, monkeys (both Old World and New World), hamsters and mice. The fact that pheromones are important biological signals in a plethora of other species indicates that the possibility of human pheromones should not be discarded lightly.
Although humans generally rate olfaction as their least important sensory modality, we still spend billions of dollars, years of our life, and a considerable amount of effort to modify the way we smell (at least in industrialized countries). These efforts typically include scrubbing with deodorant soaps and scented shampoos, applying deodorants to those parts of our bodies we feel need deodorizing, and finally applying perfumes and sprays to replace those natural odors we just discarded down the shower drain. This points out an obvious contradiction: if olfaction is considered unimportant and possibly even obsolete, why do we work so hard to change the way we smell? The first question to address is where do these odors we produce come from? Whereas animals release pheromones from their skin, urine, feces, and to some extent breath, most research on pheromones in humans indicates that the main odor-producing organ is the skin. For the purposes of this paper, the skin is what I will focus on. These odors are largely produced by the skin’s apocrine sebaceous glands, which develop during puberty and are usually associated with sweat glands and tufts of hair. These glands are located everywhere on the body surface, but tend to concentrate in six areas;
1) The axillae (underarms)
2) The nipples of both sexes
3) The pubic, genital, and circumanal regions
4) The circumoral region and lips
5) The eyelids
6) The outer ear The first four of these regions are generally associated with varying amounts of hair growth, which makes perfect sense, as the extremely large surface area of a tuft of hair is a very effective means of spreading an odor by evaporation. The fact that body hair and apocrine glands appear simultaneously at puberty is significant and suggests that body odor and its dispersal may be linked to sexual development. These supposedly non-functional structures, coupled with the olfactory system, would be called part of a pheromonal system in any other mammal.
The substances produced by these glands are relatively imperceptible by the human nose; what we smell when we detect skin odor is not the fresh glandular secretions but rather the bacterial breakdown products of these glandular secretions. The sebaceous secretions themselves consist mostly of lipids such as squalene and other esters. When degraded by enzymes of bacteria naturally present on human skin, free fatty acids result, including those that smell hircine and are generally regarded as unpleasant. The most prominent examples of these hircine fatty acids have the general formula (CH3(CH2)nCOOH) and are called butyric acid (n=2), caproic acid (n=4), and caprylic acid (n=6).
The first studies I will discuss relate to evidence for the existence of pheromone signaling in human babies and children. The first interesting studies regarding children come from Michael Kalogerakis and Irving Bieber. They proposed a theory that olfaction is related to sexual identification in young children. Kalogerakis performed a study on young boys, two to four years of age, which strongly indicated that at some point in early childhood, a boy will begin to show an aversion to the odors of their father, and will simultaneously feel attraction to the odors of their mother. According to Bieber, this indicates a shift in sexual interest and acts as a biological trigger for the Oedipus response. Kalogerakis supports this theory with a case study of a boy named Jackie, who originally was closer to his father, but at the age of three years, three months, began to show a distinct preference for his mother’s smells, especially at times right after she and Jackie’s father had been having intercourse. At four years of age, Jackie would become nauseous at the smell of his father. This behaviour continued, tapering off slowly until Jackie was six, and his sexual identity had presumably been established.
Phermax Pheromones Gives You the Edge!
Another intriguing study was carried out by Michael J. Russell of UCSF in 1976. He enlisted the help of ten recent mothers, whom he asked to wear a cottonpad in their bra for three hours before testing. Russell then tested the sleeping babies’ ability to differentiate between pads worn by their own mothers and those worn by strange mothers. At the age of two days, only one of the ten babies responded to either type of pad, and he responded to both with a sucking response. At the age of two weeks, eight babies responded by sucking to a stranger’s pad, and seven responded to their mother’s pad. Also, one child responded only to its mother’s pad. At the age of six weeks, however, things had changed. Eight babies responded to their mother’s pad, one responded to a stranger’s pad, and one did not react to it’s mother’s pad but did react with a jerk and a cry to the stranger’s pad. These results may indicate either that a baby imprints on its mother’s odor, or as Russell suggests, that the mother unconsciously marks her baby with a distinctive scent, a phenomenon observed in many other primates. This latter possibility is supported by the common parental observation that a child will reject their favorite blanket or stuffed animal after it has been washed, presumably because it has lost specific odors acquired in previous contacts.
A final childhood phenomenon worth mentioning is one observed by Dr. Alex Comfort. Comfort noticed that in the past three centuries, the age of onset of menstruation for girls has had a direct correlation with the amount of time that young girls spend with boys. In pre-Victorian times, menstruation began at an early age, only slightly above the average age of onset now. However, in Victorian times, when mingling between the sexes was minimized as much as possible, the average age of onset climbed a few years. In post-Victorian times, as boys and girls were allowed to mingle more freely and coeducation appeared, the average age fell once again. Admittedly, this could be due to a number of other factors, but it is Comfort’s opinion that it is due to the exposure to odors of the opposite sex. In fact, this phenomenon has been documented in mice and is called the Vandenbergh effect: female mice raised alone in sterile cages have a much higher age of maturation than that of female mice raised alone in cages filled with a male mouse’s bedding material. When the bedding belonged to a castrated male mouse, this effect was not observed.
There are variations in odor perception between human adult males and females. Le Magnen and Doty found that this is most evident in the case of women’s acute ability to smell musk, which are steroids, large cycloketone or lactones, often with side chains which are most likely involved with their biological specificity of action. All of these compounds are very similar to the male sex hormone testosterone (see appendix for structures). Whereas women are very sensitive (1 part in 109) to the musky odors of civetone (from the anal glands of the civet cat and used in many perfumes), exaltolide (a synthetic musk), and boar taint substance (a sexual attractant produced in the preputial glands of the boar), men are relatively insensitive (1 part in 106) to these substances. Moreover, women’s sensitivity to these substances varies as a function of where they are in their menstrual cycle: during menstruation, women are no more sensitive to musks than men, but about ten days after menstruation (ovulation — a woman’s peak fertility period), women reach their maximum sensitivity. In addition, women on the pill, women who have had ovarectomies, pregnant women, and post-menopausal women are relatively insensitive to these substances. Le Magnen deduced from these results that sensitivity to musk in women is critically defendant on the levels of estrogen in the blood: during ovulation, serum estrogen is at a peak, whereas serum levels of estrogen are low during menstruation, pregnancy, in post-menopausal women, women who have had ovarectomies, and birth-control pill users. Further, it is the action of progesterone which causes nasal congestion during menstruation and pregnancy4, and might be responsible for the reduced sensitivity at these times.
Why is this relevant? Men secrete musky odorants in abundance. The -3-ol precursor of boar taint substance is found in male urine, and substances similar to testosterone, such as androstenone, are secreted in the smegma and from the apocrine glands of the underarms5 and pubic area of males. As is usually the case, bacterial action may be necessary for the release of the odorants. The fact that men’s bodies secrete these substances and that women are maximally sensitive to them when they are most fertile indicates that there may be a olfactory-sexual role for these substances in human sexuality.
Indeed, a study performed by J. Richard Udry at the University of North Carolina attempted to delineate the relationship between coitus, orgasm and position in the menstrual cycle. He found that women do indeed engage in sexual intercourse about six times more frequently at about the time of ovulation, when women’s sensitivity to the male musk odor is highest. In addition, the women are much more likely to have an orgasm at these times. Further, the women Udry studied women were several times less likely to have sexual intercourse or have an orgasm during and two to three days after menstruation, which is when women’s sensitivity to the musky smell of men is lowest. Coupled with women’s odor sensitivity, these results could indicate a possible pheromonal trigger for sexual behaviour.
There are several other effects in adult humans which might hinge on pheromones. Some of the most interesting results come from work done by Martha McClintock at Harvard. She performed a study on menstrual cycles in women who lived together in dormitories and found that when women are housed together, their menstrual cycles tend to synchronize and lengthen. She also found that the lengthening effect was attenuated in direct relation to the amount of time these women spent with men. In one woman’s case, her regular cycle was six months long, but when she started seeing a man, it dropped to four and a half weeks. After she stopped seeing this man, her cycle once again lengthened. Of course, in an experiment like this, it is difficult to eliminate diet, work and sleep habits as factors, but the fact that this is such a widespread phenomenon indicates that something more basic is probably at work here. It is to be stressed that airborne odors or pheromones were not directly demonstrated in this study, but there is an identical phenomenon in mice that has been shown to be pheromonal in nature. This effect is called the Lee-Boot phenomenon, in which groups of female mice housed together experience increases and synchrony in their estrus cycles. When a female mouse is housed alone, this effect does not occur, but when a solitary female mouse is kept in a cage supplied with bedding from a cage full of female mice, the Lee-Boot effect is once again observed, indicating that the cues are chemosensory in nature. The attenuation of cycle elongation in women in response to male contact is also echoed in mice, and is called the Whitten effect. Once again this effect has been shown to be due to olfactory signals.
Michael Russell provided some more insight on the phenomenon of menstrual synchrony.
A colleague of his, on reading McClintock’s paper, mentioned that she too had noticed the same phenomenon among her friends, except that in every case, it was her own menstrual cycle which determined the synchronization of her friends’. Upon hearing this, Russell asked his colleague if he could use her underarm scent to help confirm and extend McClintock’s findings. She consented, and proceeded to wear sterile cotton pads under her arms regularly. Russell the recruited sixteen female volunteers, each of whom came in three times a week for four months to have a liquid applied to her upper lip. One group of women had pure alcohol applied to their lips, and the other group had a mixture of alcohol and Russell’s colleague’s underarm scent from the previous day applied. The group which received pure alcohol did not experience changes in their menstrual cycle, but those that had the mix of alcohol and underarm scent applied showed a radical change in their cycles: The average time lag between cycles had been 9.3 days, but after four months, this had decreased to 3.4 days, and fully half the women were in exact synchrony with Russell’s colleague, discounting the the aforementioned one day time lag. None of these women had ever even met Russell’s colleague. McClintock’s study showed that women who lived together reported menstrual synchronization, and Russell’s study provided a likely mechanism: underarm scent. Another possible interpretation of this study leads to the conclusion that there may be dominant women with regard to menstrual synchrony, a phenomenon observed in many animals.
Dr. Russell provided yet another interesting result. At the same time he was performing his experiments on babies’ ability to discriminate between their own mothers and strange mothers, he performed another experiment on whether young adults could discriminate between their odors and others’ and between male and female odors. Twenty-nine college age students, 16 male and 13 female, were asked to wear a clean undershirt for twenty-four hours without using soap, deodorants, or perfumes. After twenty-four hours passed, the shirts were collected and put in buckets with the armpit right above a strategically placed sniffing hole. Two tests were then performed: the subjects were presented with three shirts, one theirs, one from a strange female and one from a strange male. The subjects were then asked to identify which shirt was theirs, taking as much time as needed. The subjects were then asked to identify which shirt belonged to the strange male and which shirt belonged to the strange female. The subjects generally sniffed each bucket once in succession, and then repeated the process. The results were impressive: 81% of the males and 69% of the females identified their own shirts correctly, for an average success rate of 75%, which is highly significant when compared to the chance percentage of 33%. In the second sex-identifying test, the subjects performed just as well: 81% of the males and 69% of the females were correct, for an average of 75%. Once again, this result was very significant, as chance would dictate a 50% success rate. When asked to characterize the odors of the shirts, the subjects generally said the males’ shirts smelled musky and the females’ shirts smelled sweet. This observation jibes well with the previous discussion of variations in odor perception.
One final effect needs to be mentioned due to large amount of research on it. There have been many studies on whether or not human vaginal secretions might contain some kind of sex pheromone (or “copulin”, as one researcher calls them). Several researchers have found that human vaginal secretions contain various small (C2 to C6) fatty acids, with acetic acid predominating. Richard P. Michael found that about 30% of the women (he called them ‘producers’) produced a significant amount of those small fatty acids (not including acetic acid) that induce copulatory behaviour in infra-human monkeys. In addition, these “copulins” increased up until ovulation, and then decreased as menstruation approached. Michael also noted that women on birth-control pills did not show this mid-cycle increase, and had a lower overall fatty acid content. Michael theorized that these fatty acids or “copulins” were a sexual trigger in humans, but this has never been demonstrated, although the producers’ secretions did increase copulatory behaviour in rhesus monkeys. When David Goldfoot’s group in Wisconsin tried to confirm these results, however, they were unsuccessful.
Are pheromones in humans a myth or are they real? At this point, it is difficult to say either a definite yes or a definite no. The field is obviously very confused, and for every paper one finds that seems to demonstrate the existence of human pheromones, one can find another equally compelling study refuting their existence. In this paper I have tried to consider a few compelling bits of evidence, but it should be noted that none of these results are yet widely accepted, and no pheromone has yet been isolated and conclusively linked to a physiological effect in humans. Further, much of the work in this field is of a qualitative nature, without adequate controls or firm statistical basis.
However, some of the results mentioned above are quite compelling. McClintock’s study and Russell’s extension seem to strongly indicate there is some odorant that affects women’s menstrual cycles. The fact that men secrete musk-like substances that women are maximally sensitive to during ovulation coupled with the finding that there is a demonstrated increase in coitus during this period is also very intriguing. “Copulins” may or may not be human sexual releasers, and they seem to stimulate copulatory behavior in monkeys, although this result has not been confirmed.
To close, I would like to propose a new way of looking at pheromones, specifically in humans. With our highly developed intellect and rich compliment of emotions, ambitions, motivations and desires, it may not be profitable to look at human pheromones the same way we look at animal pheromones. Instead of looking for odorants that cause a definite physiological response, it may behoove us to look at how possible pheromones affect our attitudes. We are not machines that blindly fall into some stereotyped behaviour in response to an odor, but we may be machines that are nudged towards a type of behaviour by pheromones in concert with our higher intellect.
Footnotes
1. This is an overgeneralization; there are substantial differences in apocrine gland distribution and quantity between the various races. The six areas outlined here are generally found in caucasians, but blacks and Aborigines tend to have more and larger glands, with a higher number on the chest and abdomen than is found in an average caucasian. In addition, Aborigines have a much more powerful scent gland in the circumanal region. Asians, on the other hand, tend to have smaller and far fewer apocrine glands than either Caucasians or blacks, and many have none at all. In fact, only about 10% of Japanese people have any underarm odor at all, and at one point having scent glands in the underarms qualified a Japanese male for a military exemption and a free ticket to a medical center where they could receive treatment.
2. Interestingly, the mammary glands themselves are highly modified apocrine glands
3. Musk is a basic ingredient of all perfumes and colognes.
4. This phenomenon might be responsible for womens’ reputed proclivity for unusual foods during pregnancy and menstruation.
5. A note about underarms: many of the authors of the references for this paper have pointed out that underarms are the ideal location for the dispersion of odors and /or pheromones. This is because 1) They are among the warmest parts of the body, and are among the first parts to perspire. 2) They are amply endowed with apocrine and sweat glands. 3) There is usually a strong growth of hair, which is a very effective means of dispersing an odor (as noted above). 4) Underarms are high on the torso and thus well-situated to disperse odors in the region of other people’s noses. 5) Finally, being under the arms, armpits are protected from excessive evaporation. To release odors, the arms must be raised or in motion. Comfort speculates that underarms may even be specialized for this purpose.
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Attract Women like a Celebrity with Pheromones
Do celebrities use pheromones? The simple answer is… Yes!
For years people have known about the existence of pheromones. Now lets begin by saying that some people produce more then others. Many people produce very little or none. This is why you see actors in movies or on TV and you say to yourself “what’s all the hype about?” What does he have that I don’t have? Well in person he may have a much higher pheromone level then you do. Pheromones attract everyone, not just the opposite sex.
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Let’s be honest here, if you had a secret way to out sell, get noticed, get promoted, and attract people… Would you run around and tell everyone? Mmm Probably not. It’s human nature. That’s why we get so many re-orders and very little referrals:)
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Phermax Parties: In Southern California people are having Phermax parties, everybody who attends gets a spray. For privacy reasons we can’t mention names but lets just say you would recognize them. And they are famous for there crazy bashes. But if your anything like we are you just wanna keep it simple. Have a great social life, be respected at a good job and be in a loving relationship. It’s your right…
Check out this recent article on Lance Armstrong’s LIVESTRONG website. It gives a very clear view of pheromones and how they work.
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